Virginia woolfs vision Essay Example For Students

Virginia woolfs vision Essay Almost sixty-five years have lapsed sinee Virginia Woolf spoke at Newnham and Girton colleges on the subjectof women and fiction. Her remarkable words are preserved for future generations of women in A Room of OnesOwn. This essay is the first manifesto of the modern feminist movement (Samuelson), and has been called anotable preamble to a kind of feminine Declaration of Independence (Muller 34). Woolf writes that her modestgoal for this ground-breaking essay is to encourage the young womenthey seem to get fearfully depressed(qtd. in Gordon xiv). This treatise on the history of womens writings, reasons for the scarcity of great womenartists, and suggestions for future literary creators and creations accomplishes far more than simple inspiration andmotivation for young writers. Woolf questions the effect . . . poverty has on fiction and the conditions . . . We will write a custom essay on Virginia woolfs vision specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now necessary for the creation of works of art (25), and she persuasively argues that economics are as important astalent and inspiration in the creative process. She emphatically states and, with brilliant fiction, supports herthesis that every woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction (4). Woolfs witty andbeautifully crafted essay has a practical message for aspiring women writers: as pioneers in the virtuallyunexplored frontier of womens literature, and to create timeless, powerful works of art, they must forsake theestablished mores of masculine creativity and forge their own traditions and styles. Woolf introduces this new literary tradition through the structure of her lecture. Rather than follow thetraditional format established through centuries of male lecturing, she transforms the formidable lecture formfemale equals (Marcus, Still 79). She preserves this intimacy in the written essay as well. Woolfs nephew andbiographer, Quentin Bell, writes that in A Room of Ones Own one hears Virginia speaking . . . . she gets veryclose to her conversational style (144). Rather than submit her audience to the usual dictation of the expert tothe ignorant (Marcus, Virginia 145), Woolf involves her audience in her quest for answers. She advises them thatshe plans to make use of all the liberties and licenses of a novelist, that her fiction is likely to contain moretruth than fact, and that they must seek out this truth and . . . decide whether any part of it is worth keeping(4-5). She does not disclose the truth as she sees it; rather, she requires the audience to participate in thedrama of asking questions and searching for Woolfs creative departure from established lecture style delightfullyforeshadows her intent to generate entirely new feminine traditions and searching for answers (Marcus, VirginiaWoolf encourages women to personally participate and identify with her ideas. She creates a fictitious narratorthrough which she chronicles her thoughts and discoveries as she researches the topic of women and fiction, I isonly a convenient term for somebody who has no real being . . . call me Mary Beton, Mary Seton, MaryCarmichael or by any name you pleaseit is not a matter of any importance (4-5). Ellen Rosenman writes that bydenying a real existence, the narrator associates herself with anonymity, and that if we turn this statementaround . . . she is Everywoman (160-61). By choosing these particular historical names to represent anyone and everyone who joins the quest for truth, including herself, Woolf accounts for much of the irony of her story andmuch of the forc e of her essay (Jones 228). Through her clever use of fiction, Woolf shrewdly removes herselffrom the position of authority, enhances audience identification with her narrator, and invites women to join hersearch for the true nature of women and the true nature of fiction (4). .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 , .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .postImageUrl , .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 , .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:hover , .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:visited , .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:active { border:0!important; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:active , .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4 .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u25c5e2f175ed5a9d832f51a0865104b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Area 51 EssayWoolfs narrator, Mary, begins the quest for the pure fluid, the essential oil of truth (25) in the BritishMuseum, the very bastions of male literary tradition. Rosenman suggests that Woolf is laying the foundation of afemale tradition by allowing Mary to travel through a series of alien rooms, including the British Museum andthe common sitting room, to a room of her own (157). Marys stupefaction, wonder and bewilderment (Woolf26) at the plethora of contradictory, inaccurate, oven trivial volumes about women by men whose onlyqualification is that they are not wmen (27) awakens the reader to this travesty without directly revealing Woolfspersonal feelings of

Free Essays on The History Of The Internet And World Wide Web

The History of the Internet and World Wide Web Since its introduction to the mainstream in the early 1990’s, the Internet has grown at an astronomical pace. A few years ago, it was a relatively small network used mainly by computer engineers, the government, and the educational community. Since then, it has blossomed into a global communications infrastructure which anyone from a housewife in the U.S. to a 7-year old in Africa uses on a regular basis. In parallel with it, media and culture surrounding the Internet has experienced rmous expansion to the state of ubiquity. With this permeation into our society and the corresponding media coverage, one would expect to find that people have at least basic knowledge of its history and the workings behind it. However, as with other modern utilities, most individuals are content to merely use it without an understanding of its background. This is acceptable for the common person, but those who are involved with computers to a considerable extent should consider it important to be familiar with the Internet’s structure and origins. Beginnings: Packet Switching and ARPANET After the end of World War II, tensions over territorial rights, the disintegration of wartime allies, war reparations, and the introduction of the atomic bomb were all threatening the peace that had juhen they became atomically armed, a struggle between America and the USSR to improve on these weapons of mass destruction began, which became known later as the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the world was shocked by the launching of the world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1, by the USSR. America had expected to be first in space, and quickly found its image as a technology superpower and perceived lead in the arms race tarnished. The introduction of intercontinental ballistic missiles,e New York Times: "The same Soviet rocket that sent a satellite into orbit Friday can deliver an ICBM warhead on New York... Free Essays on The History Of The Internet And World Wide Web Free Essays on The History Of The Internet And World Wide Web The History of the Internet and World Wide Web Since its introduction to the mainstream in the early 1990’s, the Internet has grown at an astronomical pace. A few years ago, it was a relatively small network used mainly by computer engineers, the government, and the educational community. Since then, it has blossomed into a global communications infrastructure which anyone from a housewife in the U.S. to a 7-year old in Africa uses on a regular basis. In parallel with it, media and culture surrounding the Internet has experienced rmous expansion to the state of ubiquity. With this permeation into our society and the corresponding media coverage, one would expect to find that people have at least basic knowledge of its history and the workings behind it. However, as with other modern utilities, most individuals are content to merely use it without an understanding of its background. This is acceptable for the common person, but those who are involved with computers to a considerable extent should consider it important to be familiar with the Internet’s structure and origins. Beginnings: Packet Switching and ARPANET After the end of World War II, tensions over territorial rights, the disintegration of wartime allies, war reparations, and the introduction of the atomic bomb were all threatening the peace that had juhen they became atomically armed, a struggle between America and the USSR to improve on these weapons of mass destruction began, which became known later as the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the world was shocked by the launching of the world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1, by the USSR. America had expected to be first in space, and quickly found its image as a technology superpower and perceived lead in the arms race tarnished. The introduction of intercontinental ballistic missiles,e New York Times: "The same Soviet rocket that sent a satellite into orbit Friday can deliver an ICBM warhead on New York...

How to Fill Out a Genealogy Pedigree Chart

How to Fill Out a Genealogy Pedigree Chart The two most basic forms used by genealogists to record ancestral information are the pedigree chart and the family group sheet. They help you keep track of what you find on your family in a standard, easy-to-read format - recognized by genealogists around the world. Even if you use your computer to enter information, almost all genealogy software programs will print out or display the information in these standard formats. Pedigree Chart The chart most people begin with is a pedigree chart. This chart begins with you and branches back in time, displaying the line of your direct ancestors. Most pedigree charts cover four generations, including space to include names plus dates and places of birth, marriage, and death for each individual. Larger pedigree charts, sometimes referred to as ancestral charts, are also available with room for more generations, but these are used less often as they generally are larger than the standard 8 1/2 x 11 format. The standard pedigree chart always begins with you, or the individual whose ancestry you are tracing, on the first line - number 1 on the chart. Information on your father (or ancestor #1s father) is entered as number 2 on the chart, while your mother is number 3. The male line follows the upper track, while the female line follows the bottom track. As in an ahnentafel chart, men are assigned even numbers, and the numbers for women are odd. After youve traced your family tree back more than 4 generations, you will need to create additional pedigree charts for each of the individuals included in the fourth generation on your first chart. Each individual will become ancestor #1 on a new chart, with a reference to their number on the original chart so you can easily follow the family through the generations. Each new chart you create will also be given its own individual number (chart #2, chart #3, etc.). For example, your fathers fathers father will be ancestor #8 on the original chart. As you follow his particular family line further back in history, you will need to create a new chart (chart #2), listing him in the #1 position. To make it easy to follow the family from chart to chart you record the numbers of the continuation charts next to each individual in the fourth generation on your original chart. On each new chart you will also include a note referring back to the original chart (Person #1 on this chart is the same as Person #___ on Chart #___). Family Group Sheet The other commonly used form encountered in genealogy is the  family group sheet. Focusing on the family unit, rather than ancestors, the family group sheet includes space for a couple and their children, along with fields to record birth, death, marriage and  burial places  for each. Many family group sheets also include a line to record the name of each childs spouse, as well as a section for comments and source citations. Family Group sheets are an important genealogy tool because they allow room to include information on the children of your ancestors, along with their spouses. These collateral lines often prove important when tracing your  family tree, providing another source of information on your ancestors. When you have difficulty locating a birth record for your own ancestor, for example, you may be able to learn the names of his parents through the birth record of his brother. Family group sheets and pedigree charts work hand in hand. For each marriage included on your Pedigree Chart, you will also complete a Family Group Sheet. The pedigree chart provides an easy at-a-glance look at your family tree, while the family group sheet provides additional details on each generation.

Sport coaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sport coaching - Essay Example By considering athletics as the multi-skill sport, the key target audience will be young sportspersons within the age group of 12 to 25 years. Development of psychology and discipline as a part of sport coaching would be the key result areas for the coaches with regard to this group of athletes. The relevance of the coaching sessions and its importance will be evaluated through the essay. Coaching is an important aspect in the field of sports as it assists the athletes in developing their skills and leading a disciplined life. Quality coaching aids in enhancing the safety, health and self-esteem of the sports person. It promotes fair play, social unity among the players, teamwork and assists in developing a quality life with enjoyment (The National Coaching Foundation, 2008). The process of coaching includes three major elements i.e. planning, conducting and evaluating. The planning is to develop a proper training schedule to assist the athletes belonging to the age group of 12-25 years in achieving their goals. Conducting refers to the applicability of the training sessions as planned prior by the coach. Evaluation of coaching refers to determining the progress of the athletes in the games of athletics which is a multi-skilled sport discipline (BrianMac Sports Coach, 2014). The Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model is a part of the coaching regiment for the phy sical development of the athlete with regard to the sports such as track and field, long jump and high jump. LTAD model facilitates in the development of proper physical activity, balance, coordination and agility of the athletes which in turn will aid to channel the energy of the athletes in the right direction (SCCU, 2011). Warm Up is a significant part for the athletes at the beginning of the session as it will help them in gaining the rhythm along with energising them for the training. Warm up signifies

Human Resource Management in its Environment Essay

Human Resource Management in its Environment - Essay Example It is being growing realized that the work force should no longer be seen as a liability but as a key resource that needs to be carefully nurtured and constantly developed. The last two decades saw major shifts in people management approaches and practices. The HRM of the 1980" was reactive in nature and performed staff function only. Later on, it becomes a strategic function and plays an integrated role in the company's goals and planning. People are seen as an important investment. HR is considered as a key player in achieving competitive advantage. Personal, Industrial Relations, Human Relations, HRM or what ever is the preferred moniker for the function of managing people in organizations, has existed for well over a century (Wright et al. 2005). HRM, its concepts definition, study and application have developed over the years through many approaches. Understanding models in Human Resource Management (HRM) is essential for any human resource practitioner for three reasons. Firstl y it provides a Macro perspective of HRM proactive in overall organizational setup. Secondly, the unity and diversity of these models serve as initial inputs in drafting tailor made HRM model for organizations. Thirdly, these models offer answers to quite a few dilemmas that practitioner encounter in their mission to pursuer an organizationally dove tailed and business aligned human resource function. The focus of HRM is on keeping the optimal quantity and quality of people needed to achieve the objective of the organization. HRM first emerge as a concept in the mid-1980 when American researchers produced two models. Boxall (2003) addressed them as the Michigan model and the Harvard framework. The Michigan model by Fombrun et al. (1984) asserted that HRM system and the organizational structure should be managed in a way that is congruent with organizational strategy an d that the strategic HR concept and tools needed are fundamentally different from personal management. Beer et al. (1984) defined HRM as that which maximizes organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. They emphasized a need for coherence in HRM policies and role of the line managers. But it is the Harvard Model that has exerted considerable influence over the theory and practice of HRM. Harvard Model of HRM: The type of HRM policies and practices an organization prefers should be dependent upon its organizational vision, mission, strategy, Goals and objective. In quite a few cases, such HR practices shall also be devised and adopted in time with external environment of organizations. In other words, HR policies and practices are subject to influence by internal and external environment of organizations. Harvard model of HRM propounded by Michael Beer, Richard Walton, Quinn mills, P. Lawrence and Bert Spector highlighted this influence of environment on HRM is their book titled Managing human Assets published in 1984. This model also known as soft model of HRM / Harvard Map of HRM / multiple stakeholders model, argues that human resource policies are to be influenced by two

Engineering ewb research Essay Example for Free

Engineering ewb research Essay 1. Introduction The Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) Challenge is a program where first year University Students throughout Australia are required to select from a range of problems associated with the living conditions of a disadvantaged community within Nepal, more specifically the village of Sandikhola, a hilltop community in the Gorkha district. The students are then required to develop creative solutions to combat these problems to benefit the community through design, teamwork and proper communication. This particular research report group 9C will be focusing on Water Supply and Sanitation Systems (WASH), in particular Multiple Use Systems (MUS). MUS refers to a system where the water is used for a range of purposes, so as to minimize the amount of fresh water needed to be drawn from the source and increase the applicability of the source. This report will be outlining research conducted into the MUS including; the geography of the Gorkha district, a case study on a WASH initiative already in place in Nepal, also included in the report will be an evaluation of sources of research, and a conclusion of the report. 2. Research 2.1 Geography of the Gorkha District The Gorkha District in Nepal is located on the mid-southern area of the Terai region roughly the center of Nepal. More specifically the village of Sandikhola is located approximately 42 kilometers North East of Bharatpur, which roughly is over an hour drive each way via a dirt road which is only accessible by 44’s and is not accessible in wet conditions. The village of Sandikhola is located on the side of a hill with an elevation of 1256 meters, and is roughly divided into three different sections consisting of crops, housing and livestock. 2.1.1 Natural Resources Land is seen as the most valuable natural resource to most citizens of the Gorkha district. With over 80% of the population, 24 506 759 people, earning a livelihood from farming, which in turn produces 36.1% of GDP on a national scale. Due to water shortages and unreliability in relation to irrigation, this is not a secure resource for the people of the Gorkha district. The only problem with utilizing land to this major of a scale is that it is being overly depleted due to the accelerating growth of population, leading  to widespread destruction of ecological systems. The other resource is water, which are polluted due to lack of sanitization and the lack of the resource, other than location, is due to de-forestation and the devastating effects it has on the environment. 2.1.2 Technological Resources The Gorkha district has very limited technological resources, especially when 90% of the population live in rural areas and average earnings per family per week are below a dollar which make the affordability of technological resources impossible for poor families. Surprisingly the telephone signal throughout the district is surprisingly good although this is a under used resource due to lack of infrastructure and finances. With under 7% of the population having access to the internet communication on a global and even national scale can be highly difficult. Due to the developing nature of Nepal access to any modern technology is unviable, with it sometimes taking up to and over 6 months for any technology to reach many rural communities e.g. water testing kits. 2.1.3 Population and Income Through researching Population and Income it was found that there are over 30 million people in Nepal, with approximately 300 000 people in Gorkha. The Terai region accommodates for 50.27% of the total population, roughly 15 million people, which is the mountainous/ hilly region of Nepal which can make life very difficult for these people in particular. The average household income is less than one dollar a day with more than 40% living under the poverty line. In the Gorkha district 90% of citizens live in rural areas which goes to show the lack of urban connection further reinforcing the fact that development of technology in relation to water use will greatly affect the population in all aspects of life. 2.1.4 Natural Disasters Natural Disasters have a major effect on developing countries, especially where climate change is concerned. This is due to the high dependence on climate sensitive sectors in the Gorkha district including glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial adaptive capacity. These disasters are becoming increasingly common with the acceleration of global warming. This is due to the increased temperatures experienced compared to 1990 to 2010 where an increase of 1.9 Degrees Celsius to the average  temperature, these particular natural disasters include an increase in dry periods, floods, intense rainfall, landslides, forest fires, glacial retreats, and glacier lake outburst flood threats. The other main natural disasters common to this area are earthquakes due to the positioning of Gorkha on the meeting point of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. These disasters need to be taken into account so the MUS can withstand destruction via natural disaster. 2.1.5 Climatic Conditions Shown in these two graphs (below) is the average rainfall and temperature of the Gorkha District. By studying these two graphs it can be seen that the year is divided into a wet and dry season with the temperature throughout the year remaining relatively constant with a minimum range of 3 degrees Celsius and a maximum range of 9 degrees Celsius. This research is essential to the analysis of water supply 2.1.6 Education Levels In the Gorkha district education is a work in progress with the basic literacy rate at 45% of males and only 28% of women. In the district alone there are close to 500 schools, 400 of which are public. With the help of many Non-Government Organizations, development of these schools has had an excellent effect on the education system, for example at the end of 2013 1000 computers were distributed to these schools readily making available vast amounts of educational resources to these communities. The problems associated with the education levels include the travel distance especially within rural areas, and also the lack of proper WASH resources which affects the health of the students. 2.1.7 Infrastructure In relation to the Infrastructure available to the people of Gorkha it can be noted as ineffective. This is found as roads to many of the rural areas within which the majority lives, are virtually inaccessible without a 44, as less than a quarter of roads in Nepal actually being paved/concreted. This is increasingly made challenging due to less than 1% of the population actually having access to a car. The main form of transport readily  available are the public buses, but on the other hand they are not extremely reliable with the multitude of strikes which occur, making life for the people more difficult when they have to walk for hours to get where they were going. Another major flaw is the inability for citizens to access a range of services with less than 15% of people having access to formal health care services, children having to walk on average 1-3 hours to attend school, there is also a lack of an electricity supply to majority of rural areas, lack of public sewage treatme nt in the majority of the district and in general isolation of rural areas. 2.2 Existing Solutions In the community of Sandikhola, there is a wide range of problems associated with water supply. These include the accessibility to water sources, the cleanliness/quality of water supply, the amount of water supplied, and the ability for the resource to be effectively used across domestic uses and productive uses. Currently in Sandikhola approximately 80% of WASH techniques are currently in place with there being a few sources of water; one small waterway, eight tap stands and two spring intakes but during the dry season these intakes become unavailable due to low pressure. When this occurs the community must draw water from a larger spring located further away from the village down the hill. In the case of Sandikhola at each spring intake is a reservoir tank, there are three water quality testers spread across the village, one rain monitor and two flow monitors. Also introduced to this community is the use of recycling water, such as; capturing overflows at spring intakes, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Ground Water Capture (GWC), fog water, and grey water systems. Through the integration of a range of these sources, systems and techniques we develop a MUS system. 2.2.1 Construction Basically the MUS is constructed via the connection of a range of single use technologies e.g. spring intake, storage tanks, tap stands. This is to reduce the amount of water requires for use by reducing waste water (sustainability), and also to make it more accessible for the villagers. For the construction many of the village members are heavily involved in construction so as to ensure the education of the MUS to the community allowing it to be properly maintained even after the EWB/NEWAH team leaves. 2.2.2 Inputs and Outputs For the implementation of the MUS there are a number of inputs required, these include; help from a third party in this case EWB and NEWAH in relation to funding, research and designing, participation from members of the Sandikhola community, materials, current technologies, and tools. For every input there is an output, in this case once construction is completed some of the outputs of the technology become evident, these including; an increase of income and benefits in relation to this including; general health, nutrition, social empowerment, food security, time savings. Diversification of Livelihood, which is the process by which the community develops a range of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and improve their standards of living i.e. education, inter/intra-societal interaction. Increase in sustainability including, efficient water transfer from the water source for domestic and productive applications. 3. Evaluation of Sources of Information In research for this assignment, I tend to steer clear of any non-reliable or inaccurate resources. To do this books become an extremely valuable and trusted resource, and when using websites as resources I have stuck to .org websites while at the same time checking the about us section as not all .org sites are official sites. Some ways I checked the accuracy and validity of my sources of information include; analysis of the depth of coverage, determining the intended audience so it is relevant for this report, analysis of language used i.e. sophisticated to low level understanding. The dates of the information are essential for proper research, too old might be inaccurate compared to newer information. Does the source have a bibliography and the type of sources of information the author uses and an analysis of the layout and structure of the document. Through all of this analyzing we are able to determine the accurate and reliable sources of information. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, through the research of the Gorkha district and my project area the MUS, it is possible to realize the positive potential that the implementation of the MUS has on all aspects of life. This is due to water  playing a massive part in the lives of every human, and when there is a lack of sufficient resource, daily functionality is affected. 5. References ï‚ §Renwick, et.al, 2007, â€Å"Multiple Use Water Services For The Poor: Assessing the state of Knowledge,† Winrock International: Arlington, VA ï‚ §Mikhail, et.al, 2008, â€Å"Multiple-Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons Scale-Up,† International Development Enterprises: Lakewood, CO ï‚ §Engineers without Borders USA 2014, EWB-USA, Denver viewed 10 March 2014, http://my.ewb-usa.org/project-resources/technical-resources. ï‚ §iDE Organization 2014, iDEORG, Colorado viewed 10 March 2014, http://www.ideorg.org/OurTechnologies/MultipleUseWaterSystems.aspx#. ï‚ §Practical Action 2014, Practical Action, Rugby viewed 12 March 2014, http://practicalaction.org/mus-2. ï‚ §Engineers Without Borders Australia 2014, Engineers Without Borders, North Melbourne viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-healthnewah/sandikhola. ï‚ §Smith, J., 2014, Personal Communication, 25th February 2014 ï‚ §United Nat ions 2014, United Nations, New York viewed 12th March 2014, http://www.un.org.np/maps/nepal-gorkha-district. ï‚ §Rural poverty portal 2012, IFAD, Vancouver viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/en/country/statistics/tags/nepal.

William Shakespeares Othello as a Victim Essay -- Papers William Shak

William Shakespeare's Othello as a Victim Not All Works Cited Included In "Othello" Shakespeare shows that Othello is victimised in many ways, for instance; his race, his culture, his social position and naÃÆ'Â ¯ve. Othello's victimisation could also show Shakespeare's meaning of the term "tragedy". In other Shakespearean tragedies the lead character is shown as cunning, ruthless and manipulative, more similar to Iago than Othello. This could represent a change in Shakespeare's opinion of a true Shakespearean tragedy. The main cause of Othello's victimisation is his race. Unlike the other characters in "Othello" he is a Moor, a natural figure of hatred and disgust. In the play he is very rarely referred to as "Othello", but more often as; "moor" or "negro", Desdemona even refers to Othello as "my noble moor" not Othello. The event where Othello is victimised due to his race are vast, for example at the start of the play when Iago is talking to Roderigo, Othello's race is a major issue, "To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor-". Here evidence of racism is shown. There is also a case that this shows the imperial and colonial nature of Venice in the Sixteenth century. "Othello" can be seen to show the stereotypical contemporary Elizabethan belief of blackness and the barbarous nature of the "black" man as evil and devilish. Othello's race also helps to highlight his jealousy and gullibility, due to his race Othello is always subconscious of his weaknesses, his "tragic flaw". This may be a reason for why he befriends Iago, who would act as his link to the "white" world, informing Othello of the opinions white society. Othello... ...d social figures. In conclusion I feel that Othello is more "sinned against than sinning". This is not to say that he is a innocent, it most be remembered that he killed Desdemona, not Iago and that no matter how big a part Iago has it is still Othello's fault. But, Othello is victimised, he is portrayed as an "other", "if this be known to you, and your allowance". He is also presented as a savage, barbarian and a inferior, a parasite, living of the healthy Venetian state. But, this is all due to the fact that he is different, it has been noted that if you are different you will never be equal, "if you are different you will always be different" (Marx - CM 1848) and Othello's difference is no fault of his own. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alfred Harbab. Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1970.

Evolution of Gillette Razor Blades Essay

Marketing, design and innovation is the study of how an organisation’s competitive advantage forte is indomitable and shaped by its marketing, design and innovation prowess. In addition, it is as a critical factor to the growth and success of the organisation and to the global community. This study seeks to reconnoitre the Gillette’s Power Razor through the lens of organisational marketing, design and innovation. It will look at the way in which Gillette Power Razor and its brand prospers in those areas and how it impacted on the competiveness in the marketplace. The objectives of the study are, firstly to display how the characteristics of the Gillette Power Razor have evolved over time to meet customer’s needs. To show the benefits and value derived by the users. To show the uniqueness of its design elements. Finally, to show the Gillette’s brand appeal in contemporary markets. In this research the investigator will be taking the view of epistemology. The investigator selected the Gillette power razor as the product to critique within the context of marketing, design and innovation. The razor took a very long time to evolve into its present multidimensional use. Therefore, true innovation always begins by investigating the historic footprint. Analysis will be used shows how the characteristics of the item has altered over time what drove the changes in the market and which it exists from the benefits and value derived by the clients, customers or recipients. Furthermore, the uniqueness of its design elements – shape, colour, design, imagination, relevance and usefulness. Finally, its appeal as brand in contemporary markets. In industry, methods and tools are developed on how to organize and manage innovation processes with the objective to better control added – value, cost and risk. † Additionally, Marketing is the process of determining customer needs and wants and then providing customers with goods and services that meet or exceed their expectations (Nickels et al, 2002). Nevertheless, the Danish Government describes design as â€Å"the power to make products and services more attractive to customers and users, so they are able to sell at a higher price by being differentiated from the competition by virtue of new properties, values and characteristics. Marketing, design and innovation is the study of how an organisation’s competitive advantage forte is indomitable and shaped by its marketing, design and innovation prowess. In addition, it is as a critical factor to the growth and success of the organisation and to the global community.

Individual Poem – 1915, Roger McDonald

1915 is a poem written in free form structure which details the conditions, emotions and deaths of Australian soldiers fighting in the trenches, presumably at Gallipoli in World War 1. As opposed to writing in a structure that rhymes, which traditionally provides a joyful flow to a humorous or exciting situation, McDonald has chosen to present this text in the less constrained free form format. This allows him to express the emotion and hardship within the scene he is describing. Using this structure McDonald is able to easily communicate the bleak and somewhat depressive themes of the poem. The key themes McDonald focuses on are death, longing for family back home, the apprehension of being on death’s door and the overall misery that life in the trenches brought to all who served in them. Death is an obvious theme in 1915 as the entire scene is set for an all-out charge ‘over the top’ to attack the enemy. McDonald illustrates a graphic moment where soldiers are cut down by machine gun fire, â€Å"Hard like ice it cracks their shins – They feel a drill and mallet climb their bones, Then cold, then warmth as blood spills from pockets, chests and mouths†. McDonald also uses the machine gun fire as a â€Å"metal voice† saying to the soldiers as it cuts them down, â€Å"Boys relax, as one by one they totter to their knees†. These quotations come from the final stanza of the poem and provide a very visual illustration of death in the reader’s mind. Longing for family back home is another theme explored by McDonald, and is a very common aspect of every soldier’s life in any war. â€Å"Others touch their lips on splintered wood to reach for home† Touching their lips on splintered wood may refer to imagining kissing a loved one that the soldier’s missing, or it could mean that for many of the men it will be the last time they remember their families before they die. McDonald has another reference to home in the third stanza saying, â€Å"As up the scramble, pockets fat with Champion Flake in battered tins, and letters wadded thick from mum (who says ‘always keep some warm clothes on†¦.’)†. Letters from home were the only connection and form of communication any soldier had to back home. These letters would have been one of the most important things to a soldier, as the endless longing to be with one’s family again begins to take a sad, depressive turn, as life in the trenches can bring on severe and in some cases suicidal depression. The third theme McDonald explores in 1915 is the apprehension of being on death’s door. Being in the trenches, waiting for the whistle which orders you ‘over the top’ is an unimaginable feeling to almost anyone. The sheer terror the soldiers must have been feeling is astonishing. McDonald refers to these feelings in the first stanza, â€Å"The crack of knuckles dropped to sooth the heaving in their legs, while some, ashamed, split bile between their teeth and hum to drown out their stomachs†. These descriptive passages set the scene for a brutal battle, and serve as a great insight into the apprehension felt by the Australian Diggers awaiting that deadly whistle blow, to send them to their dooms. The themes explored in 1915 connect with other poems we have studied. Australian Identity and illustrating the question ‘what is it to be Australian?’ are also highlighted in Dawe’s Search and Destroy, Exiles and Life-Cycle. 1915 also reminds me of Dawe’s Katrina, the way Free Form is used to paint a verbal picture of loved ones facing death. As well as Katrina, 1915 also made me think of Dawe’s, On the Death of Ronald Ryan how the poet is able to illustrate to the reader what a person may be feeling as they are about to be killed.

Management Techniques Within Large Organizations

Management Techniques Within Large Organizations Free Online Research Papers Organizations have issues to deal with on a daily basis. As organizations go through the steps of decision making, the weakness and strengths can be identified. It is important for companies to identify these areas of importance in order to maintain efficiency. Managers should compare decision making steps in order to get pointers on how to further develop their weakness, by listening to each other strengths. Decision Making Within the County Government Recently the local county government officials considered making changes to the policies regarding the take home use of county vehicles. A decision had to be made if the county employees would maintain the right to drive county vehicles home. The purpose of this action was to decrease the personal use of these vehicles, which in turn would decrease the cost of fuel. Many of the county employees were affected by this decision. These employees include police officers, traffic light engineers, and public work officials. The financial implications of this decision were that the county would no longer need to pay for the fuel that the vehicles consumed during personal use. The options that the county considered were either to limit the use to employees who only lived within the county or to completely eliminate the personal use of these vehicles. The county had to analyze the costs of the fuel and compare it to the cost incurred by employees would then be required to use their per sonal vehicle for county purposes, in which these employees would have to be reimbursed for. For example, the traffic light engineers are required to be on a rotating on call schedule, which means that every week someone has to be on call 24 hours a day. If a call is received that a traffic light has malfunctioned than the employee on call is required to repair it within a reasonable time. The response time set by the county is an hour. These employees would then need to drive to the county offices in order to pick up the vehicle, as well as, the supplies needed to repair the traffic signal. Before deciding on the actions that would be taken, the county would need to access the possible risks involved. One major risk could include longer response times not only for traffic engineers, but for police officers as well. This could create a disaster if a major problem occurred requiring immediate attention, such as a in the case of the engineers a traffic signal that may have been knocked down or in the case of the police officers a search for a suspect in a recent murder. After review the information gathered the county decided on a plan that disallows the use of county vehicles by all county employees. To avoid response time problems the county implemented a plan in which employees living within the county could possibly be called in the cause of a major crisis. These employees would be able to respond much quicker than employees who live a distance from the county. All county employees were informed of the decision both by their superiors, as well as, through a memorandum stating the changes in policies. Once the policies were in place the county officials assessed the decision and the results of the decision. With the changes in place the county showed that fuel cost had lowered significantly. The use of a clear decision making process, the county was able to make an effective decision concerning the take home use of county vehicles. Neighbor Impact’s Decision Making Model Guidelines Neighbor Impact is a nonprofit organization providing many services to the surrounding communities. Neighbor Impact relies heavily on the local banks, state agencies, and county agencies to fund their projects and their staffing in order to operate. Every quarter the companies lead management must prepare presentations for these agencies providing how they have used their monies and how they plan to use future monies within the community. If the reports have negative information, then the grantors become skeptical about renewing their grants provided to the community. That is why it is important for the decision making processes to be carefully reviewed and administered when deciding which monies should be spent where and which jobs are the most beneficial to the organization and the communities (Tamera Bishop, Neighbor Impact). Neighbor Impact identifies a problem by seeing the adverse affects of the symptoms. They analyze the symptoms and frame the root cause of the problem. Then the management team identifies a goal to remove the root cause of the problem which begins the decision making model. Recently Neighbor Impact realized an employee was earning higher wages than original projected. This symptom was because the employee was putting in overtime hours in order to complete all tasks required for three departments. The company then framed the problem to the root cause that the increased population in all three offices had increased the community members asking for assistance. The company then defined a goal to hire two more individuals to run the other two sub offices working under the supervision of the main employee. To determine how many hours and monies to ask the grantors for; the organization compared reports from previous performances with the community population to present performance. The team determined that the increase in staff could increase further projects and help within all communities by expanding the jobs. A presentation is than placed together to identify the root problem and how the organization determines to resolve the issue. The presentation is presented in a manner that shows the grantors the risks with the current situation and how the grantors will benefit further within the community implementing the identified new goals (Tamera Bishop, Neighbor Impact). Haldex’s Decision Making Model Process Haldex is a company that manufactures brakes for tractor trailers and distributes them worldwide. The process of making the breaks is all done in house except for making the raw castings themselves. There have been many issues that have arisen because that the process of making the brakes has changed due to an increased demand. The major problem that has most recently been addressed dealt with money. In order to be competitive in the market, the company needed to sell the brakes cheaper and still maintain the profit in which they currently have. The way they did this was by first sorting through the entire process of making the brakes and figuring out each individual cost. This was the hardest step in the process because there were so many different costs that were associated with the process. Once this had been done and analyzed it was time to find ways in which to cut costs. The way they went about this was basically shopping around and looking for different companies to get the m aterials from and making deals. Some of the materials were already at the lowest price they could get. The materials that they could find at a lower price were then bought and put on a trial basis to see if they could produce the same quality as the previous materials. After some testing and analysis which took about a month it was determined that they did in fact, produce the same quality. They stuck with these products and found out that not only are they able to provide the brakes at a cheaper price but they were able to increase profit slightly. This has proven to be good because the company shares its new profit with the employees each quarter. This was a win-win situation. Direct Mail’s Process of Decision Direct mail has been using a delivery truck that is too small to use on the average ramp. The shipping and receiving manager decided that it would be reasonable to get a truck that would fit the regulatory size ramp. When the truck does not fit a ramp it is hard to unload the ramp, and causes unloading to take more time than needed. The alternatives Direct Mail listed instead of using the small truck are buying a new truck, or renting a truck was deliveries are needed. Trucks can cost a great deal of money and the owner does not want to incur more cost with business being slow. The truck rental facility is owned by a sister company of Direct Mail and is across the street from Direct Mail. Buying a truck costs from $20,000 AND $50,000 dollars, but truck rentals are less than $200 for two days. The decision that was made by the managers a Direct Mail was to rent the truck. Renting the truck has worked out for direct mail so far. The strengths Direct Mail showed when solving th is problem were indentifying the problem, defining goals, and evaluating impacts of the alternatives. The weakness showed were framing alternatives, making the decision, and measuring the impact. The reason for the strengths and weakness are for similar reasons, which are the involvement of the stockholders. When the step which had the most strengths the managers ask the driver of the truck for his input, and for the weakest steps the driver had no input. Decision Making at the Doctors Office Working in an office where there are seven doctors, and more than half of the patients being seen will have to have surgery, three people work at scheduling time in the operating room was difficult. What made the job even more difficult was when one of the schedulers obtained another job. The workload then had to be split again, this time between two people. A decision on whether or not to hire someone to fill that empty position had to be made and it was a rather difficult one. When there were three people working in those jobs, one person would schedule the patients; one person would type the paperwork; and the other person would obtain the necessary authorization from the insurance companies. The office manager and the doctors felt that by eliminating that one position, it would save them money. To them it was all about the amount of money they were spending. The other two schedulers felt that by eliminating that position, it would end up costing them personally. This eventually led to the two schedulers working overtime most of the time, and some surgeries had to be cancelled because not everything had been taken care of. Some of the patients ended up in worse condition than when they first came to the office. The two schedulers were so busy with almost double the work than from before that they were unable to keep up the schedule and all the paperwork they had to do. One alternative that the doctors looked into was to have somebody from the front office fill in for a few hours a day. However, by taking one person away from the front office to fill in elsewhere, it caused problems for the front office staff. They were backed up checking patients in and the nurses were not happy. Eventually, the doctors and office manager sat down and analyzed the finances and discovered that it was cheaper to hire another person versus allowing the other two schedulers to work overtime. When a third person was hired, the work was divided up differently from before. One person was responsible for the schedule of the pediatric doctor; one person was responsible for the schedule of the two transplant doctors; and the third person was responsible for the other four doctors. Each person was also responsible for typing his or her own paperwork and obtaining the necessary authorizations from the insurance companies. Hiring another person eliminating overtime in that section of the office and surgeries did not have to be cancelled. Patients were given the necessary treatment they required and it saved many lives. Unfortunately, to begin with, the doctors were more concerned with saving a few dollars than saving the sanity of their employees. Princess Cruises Princes Cruises is a large cruise liner corporation that competes with other businesses like Carnival, Cunard, or Royal Caribbean to provide vacationers with the best vacation experience available. Princess Cruises, (2008) asserts, â€Å"From its beginning in 1965, Princess has grown to become one of the premiere cruise lines in the world. Today, its fleet carries more than a million passengers each year to more worldwide destinations than any other major line† (p.1). A major problem that Princess Cruises has been encountering recently can include problems with their internal controls. For example, Polar is a database system that is used by Princess Cruises and has been suffering computer crashes and downtime. Because of this, this has resulted in reduced productivity, delays in booking cruises, and possible lost sales. Since Princess Cruises is a large corporation that can’t afford to lose business and fall behind other large cruise liners, they have been running different tests to identify what exactly has been causing there internal controls system to keep crashing. After discovering that this problem has had something to do with obsolete servers and not enough memory due to recent phenomenal growth, Princess Cruises was left with the decision to either change their database system completely or expand the memory on all the computers in every department. Their decision on either to change out the software or hardware was quickly made due to changing out the hardware is cheaper when dealing with customized databases. After ordering the required parts and installing them on every computer in this corporation, Princess Cruises was able to resolve the slow response of the computer system. In-Waitings In the distribution center the employees pick garments, process the garments, and ship them to the customers. On a daily basis the distribution center is given a daily shipping efficiency percentage. The shipping percentage was not at its full potential because of the amount on orders that were ‘In-Waiting’. In- Waiting’s are orders that do not have the appropriate amount of garments necessary to complete the order. The picker picks the orders from a designated location on the mezzanine level of the distribution center. Inventory numbers are the root cause of this problem. The organization of the In-Waiting is another problem. The In-Waiting station had no design to keep orders separated according to ship date and processing. Orders would become late because they were not organized and prioritized correctly. The team leader took a look at the process and found out why were not able to focus and prioritize orders. He studied and framed the problem. From that point he began to brainstorm ideas on how to rectify the issue. He then thought about how the orders need to be separated. He decided upon separating orders by their ship date and by their processing (direct embroidery and non- direct embroidery) from this point he created a floor map exercising the 5S (standardize, shine, sustain, sort, set in order) He then put together a manual explaining the floor plan for the operators to use. In this manual he also put together guidelines to for the operator to follow in prioritizing and filling the In-Waiting orders. Now there is an efficient operation that organizes In-Waiting orders and gets the most current orders filled and shipped on time to help increase the shipping efficiency. Weaknesses of the project include not being able to cure the root of the problem just dealing with how to handle the issue. There was no way to accurately measure all the impact that this project has on the business. There are a variety of ways for organizations to rectify problems. Organizations must first look at their company goals and prioritize what is important for that particular business. Most organizations are looking for ways to cut cost and operate on a more efficient level. Cutting cost could mean find cheaper products like Haldex with the material used for brakes. They shopped for cheaper materials and put them to the test for quality of the product. By experimenting and searching for the product they were able to cut their cost and the cost for the customer as well. The county government found ways to serve the county at a cheaper price by limiting the amount of fuel spent on company vehicles for personal use. Organizations can also increase service and cut longterm cost by spending more on products and or updating systems. Direct Mail had problems with the size of its truck and rented larger trucks to increase the efficiency of loading and loading. Princess Cruises chose to update computer systems to increase computer response time and decrease down time. This helps their business operate more efficiently and in turn they are able to provide for more customers. Hiring personnel is another to rectify problems and increase efficiency. The doctor’s office hired another scheduler to organize work and better serve patients. Neighbor impact also hired more personnel and increased their range of service. Sometimes it takes spending more money to make more and or provide more service in the long run. Changing an operation is also a great way save money and better serve. Cintas’s In-Waiting’s over received a makeover in order to increase shipping efficiency and get orders to their customers on time. The object of most organizations is to serve and grow more. This requires building and improving systems that will help these organizations operate at an efficient level. Operating more efficiently could be cutting cost, improving oper ations, hiring more personnel or updating systems. When analyzed and implemented properly this should boost the organization further toward its goal. This provides a win for the organization and the people they serve. Reference Bishop, Tamera. (3-12-2008). Neighbor Impact, Inc. A Non-Profit Organization. [Interview] Princess Cruises. (2007). Company Information: About Us. Princess Cruises Corporation. Escape Completely. (p.8). Available: princess.com/aboutus/ Research Papers on Management Techniques Within Large OrganizationsTwilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfUnreasonable Searches and Seizures19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

How English Became English

How English Became English How English Became English How English Became English By Maeve Maddox Here is a book certain to delight, enlighten, or annoy readers of language blogs like this one: How English Became English, Simon Horobin, OUP, 2016. Horobin, professor of English language and literature at the University of Oxford, has packed a huge amount of information into a 57 format of 175 pages, including bibliography and index. The book contains only seven chapters: 1. What is English? 2. Origins 3. Authorities 4. Standards 5. Varieties 6. Global Englishes 7. Why Do We Care? The first two chapters fulfill the promise of the title, placing English in the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family tree and detailing how it lost its inflexions and acquired a Latinate vocabulary. The chapter Authorities traces the early efforts of a patriarchal elite to fix living English into a straitjacket of long-dead Latin and explores the continuing desire by English speakers to be given unequivocal rulings as to what is correct and what is not. As an example of a rule originating in a period of male dominance that viewed the treatment of masculine gender as a default position as unexceptional, Horobin mentions the objection to using the plural pronoun they with a singular antecedent of uncertain gender. Certainly the male grammarians latched onto the rule and repeated it in their own style guides, but the first grammarian to suggest that he may be understood to include women was a woman: Ann Fisher (1719-1778), author of A New Grammar with Exercises of Bad English (1745). Note: From the time of Chaucer until the present, the use of plural they with a singular antecedent has been and remains common in the written work of respected authors. As an even more extreme example of sexist linguistic prescription, Horobin includes the rule of male precedence based on natural order put forward by one Thomas Wilson in 1553. Heres Wilsons comment on the preposterousness of mentioning a female subject before a male one (spelling modernized): Some will set the cart before the horse, as thus, My mother and my father are both at home, even as though the good man of the house wore no breecheslet us keep a natural order, and set the man before the woman for manners sake. Apart from putting women and the hoi polloi in their place, language critics of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries focused on purifying English and securing it from on-going change. Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift admired the French Academy and wanted something similar to govern the use of English. In Swifts view, It is better a Language should not be wholly perfect, than that it should be perpetually changing. Another eighteenth-century pundit, however- lexicographer Samuel Johnson- was forced to admit the impossibility of trying to embalm language. He may have begun his project thinking, as many speakers still do, that a comprehensive dictionary of English would fix the language and put a stop to those alterations which time and change have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition. He discovered that such expectations were as unrealistic as any others that aim to rid human society of its many imperfections. Nevertheless, from the efforts to stop the language from changing emerged the concept of Standard English. In Chapter Four, Horobin explains what a standard dialect is and- more importantly- what it is not. 1. Standard English is NOT inherently superior to all other forms of English. [Standard English] is an agreed norm that is selected in order to facilitate communication. 2. Standard English does NOT exclude colloquial speech or regional accents. Horobin points out that its possible to speak casually, bad words and all, without flouting the grammatical principles of Standard English. As for regional accents, its possible to speak Standard English in any accent, since accent refers only to features of pronunciation. 3. Standard English does NOT exist to serve as a social marker to distinguish snobs from regular people. Standard English is the dialect of government, commerce, and education. Success in the education system and access to the prestigious professions require a competence in the handling of Standard English. Standard English is class-neutral. 4. The teaching of Standard English in the schools is NOT optional. Although Standard English is not inherently superior to other dialects that children grow up speaking at home, schools have a duty to teach Standard English to children, irrespective of their background and linguistic heritage. Home dialects can be acknowledged and respected in the classroom, but, in Horobins words, not to teach it would be a dereliction of duty, since Standard English is an essential tool for enabling children to pass exams, and equipping them for the world of work. In Chapters Five and Six, Horobin discusses the astounding globalization of the language that began as a collection of Germanic dialects spoken by a few thousand people in a confined area 1,500 years ago. English is to the modern world what Latin was to the ancient world at the height of the Roman Empire. In the twenty-first century, an estimated 450 million people speak English as a first language, and 1 to 1.5 billion speak it as a second language in places all over the globe. A language spoken by so many in so many regions will inevitably morph into different dialects. And- like Latin- English may spawn a family of new languages that will be as distinct from their parent as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Catalan are from their ancestral Latin. One of several mixed varieties of English Horobin cites is Spanglish, also called Chicano English, a mix of English and Spanish that is a well-established dialect widely used among the more than 44 million members of Americas Hispanic population. Another is Singlish, a creole that combines English with Malay and is spoken in Singapore. The final chapter, Why Do We Care, explores the reasons speakers feel so strongly about language choices for themselves and others. Modern speakers realize that English has undergone significant change from generation to generation, but that doesnt prevent them from resisting change in their own generation. Its a kind of not in my backyard syndrome. Horobin explains this unwillingness to accept changes taking place in the English of today by the fact that it is impossible for us to take an external stance from which to observe current usage. We all know whats right, either because we remember what our teachers told us when we were children, or because we have a preferred style guide that keeps us on the straight and narrow now that we are adults. How English Became English is a wonderful little book, an information-packed resource that will surely do what Horobin hopes: stimulate and inform the never-ending dialogue between prescriptivists and descriptivists. Related posts: What To Do About Non-Standard English Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowUse a Dash for Number Ranges30 Words for Small Amounts

Net Neutrality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Net Neutrality - Essay Example â€Å"How, What, Impossible,† many would say, when they know that today internet providers have the capability of controlling what everyone goes through, does and believes in for the purpose of getting profit i.e., violate network neutrality. Discussion Internet is at war as one of its basic structural principles is threatened. Telecommunication companies are pressuring major political institutions to intervene and modify neutrality. Users and native internet companies are defending tooth and nail. The debate is open, but the reality is that most people affected by the violation of this principle know its meaning and implications (wiseGEEK, 2003). Companies and Net Neutrality The net neutrality means that bits are not discriminated, and there is no such thing as first or second class for such categories as destination, source, protocol or content. From this definition it follows that any company that provides internet services (ISPs) can manipulate, manage, hinder or prevent u ser access to some Internet services according to their specific interests. Telecommunication companies control access and transport network information. Undoubtedly, Internet service providers are identified as the main threat. Operators have proposed prioritizing some services over others, and some even speak of the payment of â€Å"tolls† and quotas to companies that fill the web content. According to a research it is clear that "The telecom operators want to do much more business with internet by increasing the charges for access as well as monetizing the content that others want to view as if it was their own network. Another goal of the ISP would "limit services (such as IP telephony or video conferencing) within their networks and extract revenues from people who earn a lot of money on the Web, like Google." (Quora, 2010) They provide the â€Å"data pipes† ensuring that any person [at a price] can connect and access all network resources. Currently, these entiti es hold true to a â€Å"code of honor† that prevents them from taking control of the content by these ways. This code means net neutrality: all content and services distributed through the pipes must be treated equally, regardless of person or entity (Quora, 2010). Neutrality still seems intact, but many users report behaviors of operators that already violate this basic principle of the network and most of the information highway studies confirm the dirty war of the companies providing internet against p2p networks. But network neutrality is not limited to a dispute over the division of the economic pie concerning technology or the battle against piracy but it is a concept that has entered the political game. According to some studies, the ISPs will accompany some European governments, in matters concerning the net transfer of money to the other side of the Atlantic in areas such as digital advertising. Perhaps for this reason, politicians have not been clear. There is no co mmunity legislation regarding Network Neutrality (Quora, 2010). The problem is that this policy is not neutrally supported by any law or regulated by any relevant entity. Therefore, their survival depends on "common sense" of users and, primarily, the network providers. The latter is the source of danger as the common sense of the big companies is generally shaped by the opportunities to make money and it can’t be ruled out at some point that they may take control of internet